That's among the highest percentages ever found in fish on Earth, according to a recent study.Īnother study by the British research firm Eunomia said there may be as much as 70 million tons of plastic waste on the sea floor alone.Īnd it's not just fish or marine life that's affected, it's us: Rolf Halden, a professor of environmental health engineering at Arizona State University, said every human being in the developed world has traces of plastic constituents in his or her blood. Researchers said 73 percent of deepwater fish in the North Atlantic Ocean had eaten particles of plastic, known as microplastics. And, incredibly, trash has reached the stomachs of some of the deepest fish in the ocean. In this episode, Dianna Parker from the NOAA Marine Debris Program explains what a garbage patch is and isn't, what we know and don't know, and what we can do about this ocean-sized problem. Whether by errant plastic bags or plastic straws winding their way into gutters or large amounts of mismanaged plastic waste streaming from rapidly growing economies, that’s like dumping one New York City garbage truck full of plastic into the ocean every minute of every day for an entire year.įrom the tiniest plankton to the largest whales, plastics affect nearly 700 species in the ocean. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is one of many areas in the ocean where marine debris naturally concentrates because of ocean currents. "Some of it could be diverted to other countries, but most of them lack the infrastructure to manage their own waste, let alone the waste produced by the rest of the world." "It’s hard to predict what will happen to the plastic waste that was once destined for Chinese processing facilities," said Jenna Jambeck, associate professor at the University of Georgia's College of Engineering and co-author of the study. alone, nearly 4,000 shipping containers full of plastic recyclables a day had been shipped to Chinese recycling plants. The United States contributes as much as 242 million pounds of plastic trash to the ocean every year, according to that study.Ĭhina has begun to take steps to stem the tide of trash floating from its shores. The country recently banned the import of most plastic waste, according to a study published in June in Science Advances.Ĭhina has imported about 45 percent of the world’s plastic waste since 1992 for recycling, the study found. In the U.S. In fact, the top six countries for ocean garbage are China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Thailand, according to a 2015 study in the journal Science. This shouldn't be a surprise: Overall, worldwide, most of the plastic trash in the ocean comes from Asia. But specifically, scientists say, the bulk of the garbage patch trash comes from China and other Asian countries.
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role interdependence exists when specific roles are assigned to team members (for example, recorder or time keeper).Teachers may promote resource interdependence by giving specific resources to different individuals in the group. resource interdependence exists when individuals each possess specific resources needed for the group as a whole to succeed.asking a group of students to reach a consensus answer, turn in one problem-solving assignment at the end of a class, or produce a single graph. product goal interdependence leads to a group outcome that requires contributions from each member, e.g.There are different ways in which this can be achieved: require a high level of interdependence for group members. If the answer to these four questions is yes then group work may be an appropriate method of assessment. Are you able to support the group work effectively and support students to develop requisite skills?.Is the assessment task fit for purpose? Does it lend itself to collaboration? Is there potential for effective sharing of labour?.Does group assessment facilitate better learning? Is the assessment task bigger or more complex than individual students can manage? What research is required? Are students able to apply higher order thinking and undertake complex problem solving?.Is there alignment between intended learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities, and group assessment? For example, is effective social interaction a key element of learning in the module and therefore a key outcome of learning which needs to be assessed?.When deciding whether to assess using group work tasks, you can use the following questions to determine whether group assessment is a good choice. Which aspects of group work can be assessed? This guidance document briefly introduces some key principles for the design and implementation of assessed group work tasks and points to strategies to address the challenges outlined above. However, concerns around the variability of students’ commitment the time required to set up group work and prepare students for it social, cultural, personality differences, or organisational difficulties that can impact on group dynamics and, most of all, issues around validity and reliability in the assessment of group work often make its implementation daunting. When adequately planned and managed, group work can be an effective way to engage students and can lead to rich learning experiences by encouraging: participation, peer learning, the development of team-working, analytical and cognitive skills, as well as collaborative and organisational skills. The body of literature concerning group work and its assessment often highlights the benefits of the former (Burke, 2011) and the challenges of the latter. Using group work to assess learning Introduction
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